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''Chunghwa Minkuo'' | common_name = China | continent=Asia | country=China | year_start=1912 | 〔The Government of the Republic of China moved to Taipei in December 1949. The ROC maintains control of Kinmen and Matsu, which are parts of Fukien Province.〕 |year_end=1949 | p1=Qing Dynasty | flag_p1=China Qing Dynasty Flag 1889.svg | p2=Mongolia (1911–24) | flag_p2=Flag of Mongolia (1911-1921).svg | s1=China | flag_s1=Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg | s2=Mongolia (1911–24) | flag_s2=Flag of Mongolia (1911-1921).svg | s3=Taiwan | flag_s3= Flag of the Republic of China.svg | image_flag = Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svgborder | flag_type = Top: Flag (1912-1928) Bottom: Flag (1928-1949) | flag = Flag of the Republic of China | image_flag2 = Flag of the Republic of China.svgborder | image_coat = Emblems_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg | symbol = National Emblem of the Republic of China | symbol_type = Top: National Emblem (1912-1928) Bottom: National Emblem (1928-1949) |coa_size = 130px | national_anthem = (1937-1949) | image_map = Republic of China (orthographic projection historical).svg | image_map_caption = | capital = | government_type = Unitary semi-presidential republic | title_leader = President | leader1 = Sun Yat-sen (first) | year_leader1 = 1912 | leader2 = Li Tsung-jen (last) | year_leader2 = 1949 | title_deputy = Premier | deputy1 = Tang Shaoyi (first) | year_deputy1 = 1912 | deputy2 = He Yingqin (last) | year_deputy2 = 1949 | legislature = | house1 = National Assembly | house2 = Legislative Yuan | era = 20th century | event_pre=Xinhai Revolution | date_pre=10 October 1911 | event_start=Republic established | date_start=1 January | event1=Nationalist rule from Nanking | date_event1=18 April 1927 | event2=Start of Second Sino-Japanese War | date_event2=7 July 1937 | event3=Constitution adopted | date_event3=25 December 1947 | event4=Battle of Huaihai | date_event4=December 1948 | event_end=Seat of government moved to Taipei | date_end= | stat_year1=1912 | stat_area1=11077380 | stat_pop1=432375000 | stat_year2=1920 | stat_area2=11077380 | stat_pop2=472000000 | stat_year3=1930 | stat_area3=11077380 | stat_pop3=489000000 | stat_year4=1948 | stat_area4=11077380 | stat_pop4=489000000 | stat_year5=1949 | stat_area5=11077380 | stat_pop5=541670000 | currency = | today = | footnote_a = 1912 and 1927–49 (although see footnote c immediately below). | footnote_b = 1912–27. | footnote_c = Chongqing served as capital during the Second Sino-Japanese and Pacific Wars (1937–46). | footnotes = Populations from http://www.populstat.info/Asia/chinac.htm }} The Republic of China () governed the present-day territories of China, Mongolia and Taiwan at differing times between 1912 and 1949. As an era of Chinese history, the Republic of China's rule on mainland China was preceded by the last imperial dynasty of China, the Qing dynasty and its end was marked after the Nationalists lost the Chinese Civil War against the Communist Party of China (CPC), when the Nationalists retreated to Taiwan while the CPC proclaimed the People's Republic of China on mainland China. The republic's first president, Sun Yat-sen, served only briefly. His party, then led by Song Jiaoren, won a parliamentary election held in December 1912. However the army led by President Yuan Shikai retained control of the national government in Beijing. After Yuan's death in 1916, local military leaders, or warlords, asserted autonomy. In 1925, the Kuomintang party started establishing a rival government in the southern city of Guangzhou. The economy of the north, overtaxed to support warlord adventurism, collapsed in 1927–28. General Chiang Kai-shek, who became Kuomintang leader after Sun's death, started his military Northern Expedition campaign in order to overthrow the central government in Beijing. The government was overthrown in 1928 and Chiang established a new nationalist government in Nanjing. He later cut his ties with the communists and expelled them from the Kuomintang. There was industrialization and modernization, but also conflict between the Nationalist government in Nanjing, the Communist Party of China, remnant warlords, and the Empire of Japan. Nation-building took a backseat to war with Japan when the Japanese imperialists launched a full-scale invasion of China in 1937. During the prolonged large-scale war that rapidly spread across China, Japan invaded and occupied coastal areas and cut off China's access to seaports, while the KMT government retreated from Nanjing first to Wuhan, then to Chongqing. While the war in China, which became part of the Pacific War, raged on, the Burma Road, and later the Ledo Road, were built to allow US "lend-lease" aid to reach the Chinese army in Burma. The Nationalists' Y Force drove back the Japanese in Yunnan during a May–June 1944 offensive, but otherwise military results were disappointing. With the Japanese unconditional surrender in 1945, the Allies had finally achieved total victory, but the Cold War between the U.S. and Soviet Union led to renewed fighting between the KMT and the communists. In 1947, the Constitution of the Republic of China replaced the Organic Law of 1928 as the country's fundamental law. In 1949, the Communists established the People's Republic of China, overthrowing the Nationalists on the mainland, who retreated to Taiwan, and despite its vastly reduced territory, the Nationalist government continued to be recognized as the government of China by non-Communist states well into the 1970s. ==History== (詳細はXinhai Revolution, which itself began with the Wuchang Uprising on 10 October 1911, replacing the Qing Dynasty and ending over two thousand years of imperial rule in China.〔 From its founding until 1949 it was based on mainland China. Central authority waxed and waned in response to warlordism (1915–28), Japanese invasion (1937–45), and the Chinese Civil War (1927–49), with central authority strongest during the Nanjing Decade (1927–37), when most of China came under the control of the Kuomintang (KMT) under an authoritarian single-party state. At the end of World War II in 1945, the Empire of Japan surrendered control of Taiwan and its island groups to the Allied Forces, and Taiwan was placed under the Republic of China's administrative control. The legitimacy of this transfer is disputed and is another aspect of the disputed political status of Taiwan. The communist takeover of mainland China in the Chinese Civil War in 1949 and later Hainan, Dachen and other outlying islands in the early 1950s left the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) with control over only Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. With the 1949 loss of mainland China in the civil war, the ROC government retreated to Taiwan and the KMT declared Taipei the provisional capital. The Communist Party of China took over all of mainland China and founded the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing, which claimed to be the successor of the Republic of China and the sole legitimate government of all of "China" – a claim also nominally made by the Republic of China government which still rules from Taipei, although it no longer actively challenges the PRC's rule of mainland China. Taiwan is currently officially recognized by 22 countries and enjoys informal relations with many more, however due to the veto power of China is not currently a member of the United Nations. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Republic of China (1912–49)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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